Matplotlib官网：https://matplotlib.org/
github：https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/issues
discourse：https://discourse.matplotlib.org
stackoverflow：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/matplotlib
twitter：https://twitter.com/matplotlib
matplotlib-users：https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/matplotlib-users

绘图十规则

参考：Rougier N P, Droettboom M, Bourne P E, et al. Ten Simple Rules for Better Figures[J]. PLOS Computational Biology【IF 4.7】, 2014, 10(9).

感兴趣戳：https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4161295/pdf/pcbi.1003833.pdf

1. Know Your Audience

2. Identify Your Message

3. Adapt the Figure

4. Captions Are Not Optional

5. Do Not Trust the Defaults

6. Use Color Effectively

7. Do Not Mislead the Reader

8. Avoid “Chartjunk”

9. Message Trumps Beauty

10. Get the Right Too

常见绘图设置问题

… resize a figure?

→ fig.set_size_inches(w,h)

… save a figure?

→ fig.savefig(”figure.pdf”)

… save a transparent figure?

→ fig.savefig(”figure.pdf”, transparent=True)

… clear a figure?

→ ax.clear()

… close all figures?

→ plt.close(”all”)

… remove ticks?

→ ax.set_xticks([])

… remove tick labels ?

→ ax.set_[xy]ticklabels([])

… rotate tick labels ?

→ ax.set_[xy]ticks(rotation=90)

… hide top spine?

→ ax.spines[’top’].set_visible(False)

… hide legend border?

→ ax.legend(frameon=False)

… show error as shaded region?

→ ax.fill_between(X, Y+error, Y‐error)

… draw a rectangle?

→ ax.add_patch(plt.Rectangle((0, 0),1,1)

… draw a vertical line?

→ ax.axvline(x=0.5)

… draw outside frame?

→ ax.plot(…, clip_on=False)

… use transparency?

→ ax.plot(…, alpha=0.25)

… convert an RGB image into a gray image?

→ gray = 0.2989*R+0.5870*G+0.1140*B

… set figure background color?

→ fig.patch.set_facecolor(“grey”)

… get a reversed colormap?

→ plt.get_cmap(“viridis_r”)

… get a discrete colormap?

→ plt.get_cmap(“viridis”, 10)

… show a figure for one second?

→ fig.show(block=False), time.sleep(1)

ax. grid ()

ax.patch. set_alpha (0)

ax. set_[xy]lim (vmin, vmax)

ax. set_[xy]label (label)

ax. set_[xy]ticks (list)

ax. set_[xy]ticklabels (list)

ax. set_[sup]title (title)

ax. tick_params (width=10, …)

ax. set_axis_[on|off] ()

ax. tight_layout ()

plt. gcf (), plt. gca ()

mpl. rc (’axes’, linewidth=1, …)

fig.patch. set_alpha (0)

text=r’$\frac{-e^{i\pi}}{2^n}$’

二、图形快速绘制

star1、line plot【折线图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
详细实战教程：Python可视化|matplotlib11-折线图plt.plot
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])


X = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
Y = 4+2*np.sin(2*X)
ax.plot(X, Y, color="C1", linewidth=0.75)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)
plt.show()

star2、scatter plot【散点图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.scatter.html
详细实战教程：Python可视化|matplotlib10-散点图plt.scatter
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])


np.random.seed(3)
X = 4+np.random.normal(0, 1.25, 24)
Y = 4+np.random.normal(0, 1.25, len(X))
ax.scatter(X, Y, 55, zorder=10,
           edgecolor="white", facecolor="C1", linewidth=0.25)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)
plt.show()

star3、bar plot【条形图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.bar.html
详细实战教程：Python可视化|matplotlib12-垂直|水平|堆积条形图plt.bar
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])
np.random.seed(3)
X = 0.5 + np.arange(8)
Y = np.random.uniform(2, 7, len(X))
ax.bar(X, Y, bottom=0, width=1, 
       edgecolor="white", facecolor="C1", linewidth=0.25)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

star4、imshow plot【格子图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.imshow.html
详细实战教程：Python可视化|matplotlib06-外部单颜色（二）
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])
np.random.seed(3)
I = np.zeros((8,8,4))
I[:,:] = mpl.colors.to_rgba("C1")
I[...,3] = np.random.uniform(0.25,1.0,(8,8))
ax.imshow(I, extent=[0,8,0,8], interpolation="nearest")
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.grid(linewidth=0.25, color="white")
plt.show()

5、contour plot【等高线图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.contour.html
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3, 3, 256), np.linspace(-3, 3, 256))
Z = (1 - X/2. + X**5 + Y**3)*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)
Z = Z - Z.min()
colors = np.zeros((5,4))
colors[:] = mpl.colors.to_rgba("C1")
colors[:,3] = np.linspace(0.15, 0.85, len(colors))
plt.contourf(Z, len(colors), extent=[0,8,0,8], colors=colors)
plt.contour(Z, len(colors), extent=[0,8,0,8], colors="white", linewidths=0.125,
            nchunk=10)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
plt.show()

6、quiver plot【箭头】

quiver在可视化梯度变化时非常有用。

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.quiver.html
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
T = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 8)
X, Y = 4 + 1*np.cos(T), 4 + 1*np.sin(T)
U, V = 1.5*np.cos(T), 1.5*np.sin(T)
plt.quiver(X, Y, U, V, color="C1",
           angles='xy', scale_units='xy', scale=0.5, width=.05)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125, color="0.75")
plt.show()

star7、pie plot【饼图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.pie.html
详细实战教程Python可视化29|matplotlib-饼图（pie）
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

X = 1,2,3,4
colors = np.zeros((len(X),4))
colors[:] = mpl.colors.to_rgba("C1")
colors[:,3] = np.linspace(0.25, 0.75, len(X))
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.25, color="0.75")
ax.pie(X, colors=["white",]*len(X), radius=3, center=(4,4), 
        wedgeprops = {"linewidth": 0.25, "edgecolor": "white"}, frame=True)
ax.pie(X, colors=colors, radius=3, center=(4,4), 
        wedgeprops = {"linewidth": 0.25, "edgecolor": "white"}, frame=True)

plt.show()

star8、text plot【添加文本】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html
详细实战教程：Python可视化|matplotlib31-图添加文本（text）及注释（annotate）
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.25, color="0.75")
ax.text(4, 4, "TEXT", color="C1", size=38, weight="bold",
        ha="center", va="center", rotation=25)

plt.show()

9、fill_between plot【曲线填充图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.fill_between.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes.fill_between
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])


np.random.seed(1)
X = np.linspace(0, 8, 16)
Y1 = 3 + 4*X/8 + np.random.uniform(0.0, 0.5, len(X))
Y2 = 1 + 2*X/8 + np.random.uniform(0.0, 0.5, len(X))
plt.fill_between(X, Y1, Y2, color="C1", alpha=.5, linewidth=0)
plt.plot(X, (Y1+Y2)/2, color="C1", linewidth=0.5)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125, color="0.75")

10、step plot【阶梯图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.step.html
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

X = np.linspace(0, 10, 16)
Y = 4+2*np.sin(2*X)
ax.step(X, Y, color="C1", linewidth=0.75)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

star11、box plot【箱图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.boxplot.html
详细实战教程：

Python可视化|seaborn21-catplot（分类散点图stripplot|成簇散点图swarmplot|箱图boxplot|小提琴图violinplot）
Python可视化17seborn-箱图boxplot

快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(10)
D = np.random.normal((3,5,4), (1.25, 1.00, 1.25), (100,3))
VP = ax.boxplot(D, positions=[2,4,6], widths=1.5, patch_artist=True,
                showmeans=False, showfliers=False,
                medianprops = {"color": "white",
                               "linewidth": 0.25},
                boxprops = {"facecolor": "C1",
                            "edgecolor": "white",
                            "linewidth": 0.25},
                whiskerprops = {"color": "C1",
                                "linewidth": 0.75},
                capprops = {"color": "C1",
                            "linewidth": 0.75})
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

12、errorbar plot【误差棒】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.errorbar.html
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = [2,4,6]
Y = [4,5,4]
E = np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.5, 3)
ax.errorbar(X, Y, E, color="C1", linewidth=0.75, capsize=1)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

star13、hist plot【直方图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.hist.html
详细实战教程：Python可视化|matplotlib13-直方图（histogram）详解
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = 4 + np.random.normal(0,1.5,200)
ax.hist(X, bins=8, facecolor="C1", linewidth=0.25, edgecolor="white",)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 80), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,80,10))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

star14、violin plot【小提琴图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.violinplot.html
详细实战教程：Python可视化|seaborn21-catplot（分类散点图stripplot|成簇散点图swarmplot|箱图boxplot|小提琴图violinplot）
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(10)
D = np.random.normal((3,5,4), (0.75, 1.00, 0.75), (200,3))
VP = ax.violinplot(D, [2,4,6], widths=1.5,
                   showmeans=False, showmedians=False, showextrema=False)
for body in VP['bodies']:
    body.set_facecolor('C1')
    body.set_alpha(1)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

15、barbs plot【风羽图】

气象学中常用图。

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.barbs.html?highlight=barbs#matplotlib.axes.Axes.barbs
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = [[2,4,6]]
Y = [[1.5,3,2]]
U = -np.ones((1,3))*0
V = -np.ones((1,3))*np.linspace(50,100,3)
ax.barbs(X,Y,U,V, barbcolor="C1", flagcolor="C1", length=15, linewidth=0.5)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

16、even plot【栅格图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.eventplot.html
快速教程：

神经生物学中常用。

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = [2,4,6]
D = np.random.gamma(4, size=(3, 50))
ax.eventplot(D, colors="C1", orientation="vertical", lineoffsets=X, linewidth=0.45)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

17、hexbin plot【二元直方图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.hexbin.html
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(1)
X = np.random.uniform(1.5,6.5,100)
Y = np.random.uniform(1.5,6.5,100)
C = np.random.uniform(0,1,10000)
ax.hexbin(X, Y, C, gridsize=4, linewidth=0.25, edgecolor="white",
          cmap=plt.get_cmap("Wistia"), alpha=1.0)
ax.set_xlim(0, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_ylim(0, 8), ax.set_yticks(np.arange(1,8))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)

18、xcorr plot【相关图】

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xcorr.html
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
mpl.rcParams['axes.linewidth'] = 0.5
mpl.rcParams['xtick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['ytick.major.size'] = 0.0
mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] =False
d = 0.01
ax = fig.add_axes([d,d,1-2*d,1-2*d])

np.random.seed(3)
Y = np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 250)
X = np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 250)
ax.xcorr(X, Y, usevlines=True, maxlags=6, normed=True, lw=2,
         color="C1")
ax.set_xlim(-8, 8), ax.set_xticks(np.arange(-8,8,2))
ax.set_ylim(-.25, .25), ax.set_yticks(np.linspace(-.25,.25,9))
ax.set_axisbelow(True)
ax.grid(linewidth=0.125)
plt.show()

star三、多子图绘制

subplot

官网教程：

https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots.html
https://matplotlib.org/tutorials/intermediate/gridspec.html
https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.inset_axes.html

实战详细教程：Python可视化34|matplotlib-多子图绘制(为所欲为版)
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
margin = 0.01
fig.subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1-margin, top=1-margin, bottom=margin)
mpl.rc('axes', linewidth=.5)


nrows, ncols = 3,3
for i in range(nrows*ncols):
    ax = plt.subplot(ncols, nrows, i+1)
    ax.set_xticks([]), ax.set_yticks([])

add_gridspec

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
margin = 0.01
fig.subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1-margin, top=1-margin, bottom=margin)
mpl.rc('axes', linewidth=.5)

gs = fig.add_gridspec(3, 3)
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(gs[0, :], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(gs[1, :-1], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(gs[1:, -1], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax4 = fig.add_subplot(gs[-1, 0], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax5 = fig.add_subplot(gs[-1, -2], xticks=[], yticks=[])

add_axes

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
margin = 0.01
fig.subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1-margin, top=1-margin, bottom=margin)
mpl.rc('axes', linewidth=.5)

margin = 0.0125
ax1 = fig.add_axes([margin,margin,1-2*margin,1-2*margin], xticks=[], yticks=[])
ax2 = ax1.inset_axes([0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4], xticks=[], yticks=[])

make_axes_locatable

import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

my_dpi=126
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(580/my_dpi,480/my_dpi))
margin = 0.01
fig.subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1-margin, top=1-margin, bottom=margin)
mpl.rc('axes', linewidth=.5)

from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
margin = 0.0125
ax = fig.add_axes([margin,margin,1-2*margin,1-2*margin], xticks=[], yticks=[])
divider = make_axes_locatable(ax)
cax = divider.new_horizontal(size="10%", pad=0.025)
fig.add_axes(cax)
cax.set_xticks([]), cax.set_yticks([])
plt.show()

star四、文本text设置

文本位置

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/tutorials/text/text_props.html
实战详细教程：Python可视化31|matplotlib-图添加文本(text)及注释(annotate)
快速教程：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

dpi = 100
fig = plt.figure(dpi=100)
ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1], frameon=False,
                  xlim=(0,4.25), ylim=(0,1.5), xticks=[], yticks=[])

fontsize = 48
renderer = fig.canvas.get_renderer()
horizontalalignment = "left"
verticalalignment = "center"
position = (0.25, 1.5/2)
color = "0.25"

# Compute vertical and horizontal alignment offsets
text = ax.text(0, 0, "Matplotlib", fontsize=fontsize)
yoffset = {}
for alignment in ["top", "center", "baseline", "bottom"]:
    text.set_verticalalignment(alignment)
    y = text.get_window_extent(renderer).y0/dpi
    yoffset[alignment] = y

xoffset = {}
for alignment in ["left", "center", "right"]:
    text.set_horizontalalignment(alignment)
    x = text.get_window_extent(renderer).x0/dpi
    xoffset[alignment] = x

# Actual positioning of the text
text.set_horizontalalignment(horizontalalignment)
text.set_verticalalignment(verticalalignment)
text.set_position(position)


for name,y in yoffset.items():
    y = position[1] - y + yoffset[verticalalignment]
    plt.plot([0.1, 3.75], [y, y], linewidth=0.5, color=color)
    plt.text(3.75, y, " "+name, color=color,
             ha="left", va="center", size="x-small")

for name,x in xoffset.items():
    x = position[0] - x + xoffset[horizontalalignment]
    plt.plot([x,x], [0.25, 1.25], linewidth=0.5, color=color)
    plt.text(x, 0.24, name, color = color,
             ha="center", va="top", size="x-small")

P = []
for x in xoffset.values():
    x = position[0] - x + xoffset[horizontalalignment]
    for y in yoffset.values():
        y = position[1] - y + yoffset[verticalalignment]
        P.append((x,y))
P = np.array(P)

ax.scatter(P[:,0], P[:,1], s=10, zorder=10,
           facecolor="white", edgecolor=color, linewidth=0.75)

epsilon = 0.05
plt.text(P[3,0]+epsilon, P[3,1]-epsilon, "(0,0)",
         color=color, ha="left", va="top", size="xx-large")
plt.text(P[8,0]-epsilon, P[8,1]+epsilon, "(1,1)",
         color=color, ha="right", va="bottom", size="xx-large")

plt.show()

文本属性：字体|字号|磅值

star五、注释设置

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.annotate.html
实战详细教程：Python可视化31|matplotlib-图添加文本(text)及注释(annotate)
快速教程：

#注释(annotate)
#https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.annotate.html
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6,1))
#ax = plt.subplot(111, frameon=False, aspect=.1)
# b = 0.0
ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1], frameon=False, aspect=1)



plt.scatter([5.5],[0.75], s=100, c="k")
plt.xlim(0,6), plt.ylim(0,1)
plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])

plt.annotate("Annotation", (5.5,.75), (0.1,.75), size=16, va="center",
             arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05))

plt.text( 5.5, 0.6, "xy\nycoords", size=10, va="top", ha="center", color=".5")
plt.text( .75, 0.6, "xytext\ntextcoords", size=10, va="top", ha="center", color=".5")
plt.show()

##注释(annotate)箭头类型
#https://matplotlib.org/tutorials/text/annotations.html
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches

styles = mpatches.ArrowStyle.get_styles()
def demo_con_style(ax, connectionstyle):
    ax.text(.05, .95, connectionstyle.replace(",", ",\n"),
            family="Source Code Pro",
            transform=ax.transAxes, ha="left", va="top", size="x-small")

fig, ax = plt.subplots(dpi=100, frameon=False)
ax.axis("off")
for i,style in enumerate(mpatches.ArrowStyle.get_styles()):
    x0, y0 = 5 + 5*(i%3), -(i//3)
    x1, y1 = 1 + 5*(i%3), -(i//3)
    ax.plot([x0, x1], [y0, y1], ".", color="0.25")
    ax.annotate("",
                xy=(x0, y0), xycoords='data',
                xytext=(x1, y1), textcoords='data',
                arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=style,
                                color="black",
                                shrinkA=5, shrinkB=5,
                                patchA=None, patchB=None,
                                connectionstyle="arc3,rad=0"))
    ax.text( (x1+x0)/2, y0-0.2, style,
             family = "Source Code Pro", ha="center", va="top")
plt.show()

注释箭头形状设置

注释箭头弯曲度设置

#注释(annotate)箭头线型
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def demo_con_style(ax, connectionstyle):
    x1, y1 = 0.3, 0.2
    x2, y2 = 0.8, 0.6
    ax.plot([x1, x2], [y1, y2], ".")
    ax.annotate("",
                xy=(x1, y1), xycoords='data',
                xytext=(x2, y2), textcoords='data',
                arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", color="0.5",
                                shrinkA=5, shrinkB=5,
                                patchA=None, patchB=None,
                                connectionstyle=connectionstyle),
                )
    ax.text(.05, .95, connectionstyle.replace(",", ",\n"),
            family="Source Code Pro",
            transform=ax.transAxes, ha="left", va="top", size="x-small")

fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 3, dpi=100)
demo_con_style(axs[0, 0], "arc3,rad=0")
demo_con_style(axs[0, 1], "arc3,rad=0.3")
demo_con_style(axs[0, 2], "angle3,angleA=0,angleB=90")
demo_con_style(axs[1, 0], "angle,angleA=-90,angleB=180,rad=0")
demo_con_style(axs[1, 1], "angle,angleA=-90,angleB=180,rad=25")
demo_con_style(axs[1, 2], "arc,angleA=-90,angleB=0,armA=0,armB=40,rad=0")
demo_con_style(axs[2, 0], "bar,fraction=0.3")
demo_con_style(axs[2, 1], "bar,fraction=-0.3")
demo_con_style(axs[2, 2], "bar,angle=180,fraction=-0.2")

for ax in axs.flat:
    ax.set(xlim=(0, 1), ylim=(0, 1), xticks=[], yticks=[], aspect=1)
fig.tight_layout(pad=0.2)
plt.show()

star五、坐标轴刻度Tick设置

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/ticker_api.html
实战详细教程：python可视化|matplotlib02-matplotlib.pyplot坐标轴|刻度值|刻度|标题设置
快速教程：

刻度间距设置

#https://matplotlib.org/api/ticker_api.html
#刻度间距设置
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker

# Setup a plot such that only the bottom spine is shown
def setup(ax):
    ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['left'].set_color('none')
    ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
    ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
    ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
    ax.tick_params(which='major', width=1.00)
    ax.tick_params(which='major', length=5)
    ax.tick_params(which='minor', width=0.75)
    ax.tick_params(which='minor', length=2.5)
    ax.set_xlim(0, 5)
    ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
    ax.patch.set_alpha(0.0)


fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
fig.patch.set_alpha(0.0)
n = 8

fontsize = 18
family = "Source Code Pro"

# Null Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 1)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.NullLocator()",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Multiple Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 2)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.5))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.1))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.MultipleLocator(0.5)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Fixed Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 3)
setup(ax)
majors = [0, 1, 5]
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.FixedLocator(majors))
minors = np.linspace(0, 1, 11)[1:-1]
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.FixedLocator(minors))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.FixedLocator([0, 1, 5])",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Linear Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 4)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.LinearLocator(3))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.LinearLocator(31))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.LinearLocator(numticks=3)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Index Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 5)
setup(ax)
ax.plot(range(0, 5), [0]*5, color='white')
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.IndexLocator(base=.5, offset=.25))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.IndexLocator(base=0.5, offset=0.25)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Auto Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 6)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.AutoLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.AutoMinorLocator())
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.AutoLocator()",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# MaxN Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 7)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MaxNLocator(4))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MaxNLocator(40))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.MaxNLocator(n=4)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Log Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 8)
setup(ax)
ax.set_xlim(10**3, 10**10)
ax.set_xscale('log')
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.LogLocator(base=10.0, numticks=15))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.LogLocator(base=10, numticks=15)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Push the top of the top axes outside the figure because we only show the
# bottom spine.
plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.05, right=0.95, bottom=0.05, top=1.05)

刻度标签格式化输出

# 刻度格式化输出
# https://matplotlib.org/api/ticker_api.html
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker

# Setup a plot such that only the bottom spine is shown
def setup(ax):
    ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['left'].set_color('none')
    ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
    ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
    ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
    ax.tick_params(which='major', width=1.00, length=5)
    ax.tick_params(which='minor', width=0.75, length=2.5, labelsize=10)
    ax.set_xlim(0, 5)
    ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
    ax.patch.set_alpha(0.0)


fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
fig.patch.set_alpha(0.0)
n = 7

fontsize = 18
family = "Source Code Pro"

# Null formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 1)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.NullFormatter())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_formatter(ticker.NullFormatter())
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.NullFormatter()", family=family,
        fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Fixed formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 2)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.0))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
majors = ["", "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5"]
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.FixedFormatter(majors))
minors = [""] + ["%.2f" % (x-int(x)) if (x-int(x))
                 else "" for x in np.arange(0, 5, 0.25)]
ax.xaxis.set_minor_formatter(ticker.FixedFormatter(minors))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.FixedFormatter(['', '0', '1', ...])",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)


# FuncFormatter can be used as a decorator
@ticker.FuncFormatter
def major_formatter(x, pos):
    return "[%.2f]" % x


ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 3)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(major_formatter)
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, 'ticker.FuncFormatter(lambda x, pos: "[%.2f]" % x)',
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)


# FormatStr formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 4)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.FormatStrFormatter(">%d<"))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.FormatStrFormatter('>%d<')",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Scalar formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 5)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.AutoLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.AutoMinorLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.ScalarFormatter(useMathText=True))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.ScalarFormatter()",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# StrMethod formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 6)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.StrMethodFormatter("{x}"))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.StrMethodFormatter('{x}')",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Percent formatter
ax = fig.add_subplot(n, 1, 7)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1.00))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.25))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.PercentFormatter(xmax=5))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "ticker.PercentFormatter(xmax=5)",
        family=family, fontsize=fontsize, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Push the top of the top axes outside the figure because we only show the
# bottom spine.
fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.05, right=0.95, bottom=0.05, top=1.05)

star六、图例(legend)设置

官网教程：https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.legend.html
实战详细教程：Python可视化32|matplotlib-断裂坐标轴(broken_axis)|图例(legend)详解
快速教程：

#图例(legend)|位置
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


fig = plt.figure(figsize=(4,4))
ax = fig.add_axes([0.15,0.15,.7,.7], frameon=True, aspect=1,
                  xticks=[], yticks=[])

def text(x, y, _text):
    color= "C1"
    if not 0 < x < 1 or not 0 < y < 1:  color = "C0"
    size = 0.15
    ax.text(x, y, _text, color="white", #bbox={"color": "C1"},
            size="xx-large", weight="bold", ha="center", va="center")
    rect = plt.Rectangle((x-size/2, y-size/2), size, size, facecolor=color,
                         zorder=-10, clip_on=False)
    ax.add_patch(rect)

def point(x, y):
    ax.scatter([x], [y], facecolor="C0", edgecolor="white",
               zorder=10, clip_on=False)

d = .1
e = .15/2

text(  d,   d, "1"), text( 0.5,   d, "2"), text(1-d,   d, "3")
text(  d, 0.5, "4"), text( 0.5, 0.5, "5"), text(1-d, 0.5, "6")
text(  d, 1-d, "7"), text( 0.5, 1-d, "8"), text(1-d, 1-d, "9")

text( -d, 1-d, "A"), text( -d, 0.5, "B"), text(  -d,   d, "C")
point(-d+e, 1-d+e), point(-d+e, 0.5), point(-d+e, d-e),

text(  d,  -d, "D"), text(0.5,  -d, "E"), text( 1-d,  -d, "F")
point(d-e, -d+e), point(0.5, -d+e), point(1-d+e, -d+e),

text(1+d,   d, "G"), text(1+d, 0.5, "H"), text( 1+d, 1-d, "I")
point(1+d-e, d-e), point(1+d-e, .5), point(1+d-e, 1-d+e),

text(1-d, 1+d, "J"), text(0.5, 1+d, "K"), text(   d, 1+d, "L")
point(1-d+e, 1+d-e), point(0.5, 1+d-e), point(d-e, 1+d-e),

plt.xlim(0,1), plt.ylim(0,1)
plt.show()

1: lower left 2: lower center 3: lower right
4: left 5: center 6: right
7: upper left 8: upper center 9: upper right
A: upper right / (‐.1,.9) B: right / (‐.1,.5)
C: lower right / (‐.1,.1) D: upper left / (‐.1,‐.1)
E: upper center / (.5,‐.1) F: upper right / (.9,‐.1)
G: lower left / (1.1,.1) H: left / (1.1,.5)
I: upper left / (1.1,.9) J: lower right / (.9,1.1)
K: lower center / (.5,1.1) L: lower left / (.1,1.1)

starstar七、Colors和Colormaps

实战详细教程：

关于颜色使用，之前花了不少精力整理：

Python可视化|matplotlib05-内置单颜色（一）
Python可视化|matplotlib06-外部单颜色（二）
Python可视化|matplotlib07-自带颜色条Colormap（三）
Python可视化|08-Palettable库中颜色条Colormap（四）
Python|R可视化|09-提取图片颜色绘图（五）
颜色cheatsheet（一）
颜色cheatsheet（二）
Python可视化18|seaborn-seaborn调色盘

star八、line和marker设置

实战详细教程：Python可视化|matplotlib03-一文掌握marker和linestyle使用

star九、子图与figure之间位置

# figure中子图位置调整
#matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust
#https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust.html
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
from matplotlib.collections import PatchCollection


fig = plt.figure(dpi=120)
ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1], frameon=False, aspect=1,
                  xlim=(0-5,100+10), ylim=(-10,80+5), xticks=[], yticks=[])


box = mpatches.FancyBboxPatch(
    (0,0), 100, 83,  mpatches.BoxStyle("Round", pad=0, rounding_size=2),
    linewidth=1., facecolor="0.9", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)

box = mpatches.FancyBboxPatch(
    (0,0), 100, 75, mpatches.BoxStyle("Round", pad=0, rounding_size=0),
    linewidth=1., facecolor="white", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)


box = mpatches.Rectangle(
    (5,5), 45, 30, zorder=10,
    linewidth=1.0, facecolor="white", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)

box = mpatches.Rectangle(
    (5,40), 45, 30, zorder=10,
    linewidth=1.0, facecolor="white", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)

box = mpatches.Rectangle(
    (55,5), 40, 65, zorder=10,
    linewidth=1.0, facecolor="white", edgecolor="black")
ax.add_artist(box)

# Window button
X, Y = [5,10,15], [79,79,79]
plt.scatter(X, Y, s=75,  zorder=10,
            edgecolor="black", facecolor="white", linewidth=1)


# Window size extension
X, Y = [0, 0], [0, -8]
plt.plot(X, Y, color="black", linestyle=":", linewidth=1, clip_on=False)

X, Y = [100, 100], [0, -8]
plt.plot(X, Y, color="black", linestyle=":", linewidth=1, clip_on=False)

X, Y = [100, 108], [0, 0]
plt.plot(X, Y, color="black", linestyle=":", linewidth=1, clip_on=False)

X, Y = [100, 108], [75, 75]
plt.plot(X, Y, color="black", linestyle=":", linewidth=1, clip_on=False)


def ext_arrow(p0,p1,p2,p3):
    p0, p1 = np.asarray(p0), np.asarray(p1)
    p2, p3 = np.asarray(p2), np.asarray(p3)
    ax.arrow(*p0, *(p1-p0), zorder=20, linewidth=0,
             length_includes_head=True, width=.4, 
             head_width=2, head_length=2, color="black")
    ax.arrow(*p3, *(p2-p3), zorder=20, linewidth=0,
             length_includes_head=True, width=.4,
             head_width=2, head_length=2, color="black")
    plt.plot([p1[0],p2[0]], [p1[1],p2[1]], linewidth=.9, color="black")

def int_arrow(p0,p1):
    p0, p1 = np.asarray(p0), np.asarray(p1)
    ax.arrow(*((p0+p1)/2), *((p1-p0)/2), zorder=20, linewidth=0,
             length_includes_head=True, width=.4, 
             head_width=2, head_length=2, color="black")
    ax.arrow(*((p0+p1)/2), *(-(p1-p0)/2), zorder=20, linewidth=0,
             length_includes_head=True, width=.4, 
             head_width=2, head_length=2, color="black")

    

x = 0
y = 10
ext_arrow( (x-4,y), (x,y), (x+5,y), (x+9,y) )
ax.text(x+9.5, y, "left", ha="left", va="center", size="x-small", zorder=20)

x += 50
ext_arrow( (x-4,y), (x,y), (x+5,y), (x+9,y) )
ax.text(x-4.5, y, "wspace", ha="right", va="center", size="x-small", zorder=20)

x += 45
ext_arrow( (x-4,y), (x,y), (x+5,y), (x+9,y) )
ax.text(x-4.5, y, "right", ha="right", va="center", size="x-small", zorder=20)

y = 0
x = 25
ext_arrow( (x,y-4), (x,y), (x,y+5), (x,y+9) )
ax.text(x, y+9.5, "bottom", ha="center", va="bottom", size="x-small", zorder=20)

y += 35
ext_arrow( (x,y-4), (x,y), (x,y+5), (x,y+9) )
ax.text(x, y-4.5, "hspace", ha="center", va="top", size="x-small", zorder=20)

y += 35
ext_arrow( (x,y-4), (x,y), (x,y+5), (x,y+9) )
ax.text(x, y-4.5, "top", ha="center", va="top", size="x-small", zorder=20)

int_arrow((0,-5), (100,-5))
ax.text(50, -5, "figure width", backgroundcolor="white", zorder=30,
        ha="center", va="center", size="x-small")

int_arrow((105,0), (105,75))
ax.text(105, 75/2, "figure height", backgroundcolor="white", zorder=30,
        rotation = "vertical", ha="center", va="center", size="x-small")

int_arrow((55,62.5), (95,62.5))
ax.text(75, 62.5, "axes width", backgroundcolor="white", zorder=30,
        ha="center", va="center", size="x-small")

int_arrow((62.5,5), (62.5,70))
ax.text(62.5, 35, "axes height", backgroundcolor="white", zorder=30,
        rotation = "vertical", ha="center", va="center", size="x-small")
plt.show()