主要内容:
一、完整性约束
二、表关系
1️⃣ 完整性约束
(1)何为完整性约束?
约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数。
作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
(2)分类主要有以下五类:
1、not null 与 default
2、unique
3、primary key
4、auto_increment
5、foreign key
PRIMARY KEY (PK) 标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK) 标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL 标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) 标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT 标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
DEFAULT 为该字段设置默认值
UNSIGNED 无符号
ZEROFILL 使用0填充
说明:
1. 是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值
2. 字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20
3. 是否是key
主键 primary key
外键 foreign key
索引 (index,unique...)
(3)not null 与 default
是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空
默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值,如下:
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
)
not null的实例如下:
==================not null====================
mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空
mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value
default的实例
==================default====================
#设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;
mysql> create table t8(
-> id int,
-> name char(6),
-> sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.41 sec)
mysql> insert into t8(id,name) values(1,'cc');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)
mysql> desc t8;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | char(6) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from t8;
+------+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+------+------+------+
| 1 | cc | male |
+------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department values
-> (1,'student'),
-> (2,'school');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
(4) unique
单列唯一
方法一:
mysql> create table department(
-> id int unique,
-> name char(10) unique
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
方法二:
mysql> create table department(
-> id int,
-> name char(10),
-> unique(id),
-> unique(name)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
联合唯一(一组里的某个参数不同即可)
mysql> create table services(
-> id int unique,
-> ip char(14),
-> port int,
-> unique(ip,port)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.48 sec)
mysql> desc services;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| ip | char(14) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| port | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.06 sec)
mysql> insert into services values
-> (1,'192.168.0.1',80),
-> (2,'192.168.0.1',81),
-> (2,'192.168.0.2',81);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '2' for key 'id'
mysql> insert into services values
-> (1,'192.168.0.1',80),
-> (2,'192.168.0.1',81),
-> (3,'192.168.0.2',81);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from services;
+------+-------------+------+
| id | ip | port |
+------+-------------+------+
| 1 | 192.168.0.1 | 80 |
| 2 | 192.168.0.1 | 81 |
| 3 | 192.168.0.2 | 81 |
+------+-------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(5)primary key --> not null unique
primary key字段的值不为空且唯一
约束:not null nique
存储引擎(innodb):对于innodb存储引擎来说,一张表必须有一个主键
一个表中可以:
单列做主键
多列做主键(复合主键)
但一个表内只能有一个主键primary key
单列主键:
mysql> create table t9(
-> id int primary key,
-> name char(13)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.44 sec)
mysql> desc t9;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | char(13) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t9 values
-> (1,'cc'),
-> (2,'cc2');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into t9 values
-> (2,'cc3');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '2' for key 'PRIMARY'
多列主键
mysql> create table t10(
-> ip char(13),
-> port int,
-> primary key(ip,port)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.41 sec)
mysql> desc t9;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | char(13) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc t10;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip | char(13) | NO | PRI | | |
| port | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t10 values(
-> '1.1.1.1',88),
-> ('1.1.1.1',88);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1.1.1.1-88' for key 'PRIMARY'
mysql> insert into t10 values(
-> '1.1.1.1',88),
-> ('1.1.1.1',89);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from t10;
+---------+------+
| ip | port |
+---------+------+
| 1.1.1.1 | 88 |
| 1.1.1.1 | 89 |
+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(6) auto_increment
约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须被key约束。
mysql> create table t11(
-> id int primary key auto_increment,
-> name char(12)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.56 sec)
mysql> insert into t11(name) values
-> ('cc1'),
-> ('cc2'),
-> ('cc3'),
-> ('cc4');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.08 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from t11;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | cc1 |
| 2 | cc2 |
| 3 | cc3 |
| 4 | cc4 |
+----+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t11(name) values
-> ('qq1'),
-> ('qq2'),
-> ('qq3');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.09 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from t11;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | cc1 |
| 2 | cc2 |
| 3 | cc3 |
| 4 | cc4 |
| 5 | qq1 |
| 6 | qq2 |
| 7 | qq3 |
+----+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
了解:
mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%';
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1 |
| auto_increment_offset | 1 |
+--------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#基于会话级别
set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长
#基于全局级别的
set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长(所有会话都生效)
# 步长:
auto_increment_increment默认为1
设置步长
mysql> set session auto_increment_increment = 5; # 零时
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5; # 全局
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show variables like "auto_inc%";
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 5 |
| auto_increment_offset | 1 |
+--------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#起始偏移量(起始偏移量 <= 步长)
auto_increment_offset 默认1
set global auto_increment_office
mysql> create table t12(
-> id int primary key auto_increment,
-> name char(18)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.50 sec)
mysql> insert into t12(name) values
-> ('cc'),
-> ('sc');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from t12;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | cc |
| 6 | sc |
+----+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用极少,我们需要改回来
mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
清空表数据 :truncate
mysql> select * from t12;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | cc |
| 6 | sc |
+----+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> truncate t12;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)
mysql> select * from t12;
(7)foreign key(外键),建立表之间的关系
如何理解foreign key?
假如员工信息表有三个字段:工号 姓名 部门
公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费。该如何解决这个问题呢?
解决办法:
我们可以先定义一个部门表,然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即使用 foreign key
注意:
表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一。
第一步,先建立被关联的表,并且保证被关联的子段唯一,此处的被关联的表是部门表(dep)如下:
mysql> create table dep( # 父表,即被关联的表
-> id int primary key,
-> name char(20),
-> comment char(16)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
mysql> desc dep;
+---------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | char(16) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
第二步,建立关联的表(此处指员工表),如下:
mysql> create table emp( # 子表
-> id int primary key,
-> name char(13),
-> sex enum('male','female'),
-> dep_id int,
-> foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec)
mysql> desc emp;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | char(13) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
| dep_id | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
第三步,先向被关联表中插入数据,再向关联表中插入数据(即先向部门表中插入数据,再向员工表插入数据)
mysql> insert into dep values
-> (1,'销售','部门1'),
-> (2,'财务','部门2'),
-> (3,'售后','部门3');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into emp values
-> (1,'cc','male',1),
-> (2,'sc','male',2),
-> (3,'ssc','female',3),
-> (4,'sscc','female',3);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from emp
-> ;
+----+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | sex | dep_id |
+----+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | cc | male | 1 |
| 2 | sc | male | 2 |
| 3 | ssc | female | 3 |
| 4 | sscc | female | 3 |
+----+------+--------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from dep;
+----+--------+---------+
| id | name | comment |
+----+--------+---------+
| 1 | 销售 | 部门1 |
| 2 | 财务 | 部门2 |
| 3 | 售后 | 部门3 |
+----+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
第四步(删除数据才需要),先删除关联表中的数据,再删除被关联表中的数据
mysql> delete from emp where dep_id=3;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> select * from emp;
+----+------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | dep_id |
+----+------+------+--------+
| 1 | cc | male | 1 |
| 2 | sc | male | 2 |
+----+------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
mysql> select * from dep;
+----+--------+---------+
| id | name | comment |
+----+--------+---------+
| 1 | 销售 | 部门1 |
| 2 | 财务 | 部门2 |
+----+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意:当表中包含 FOREIGN KEY约束时,插入数据要先被关联表,后关联表;而要删除数据时,
顺序正好相反,先删除关联表中的数据,后删除被关联表中的数据。切记切记!!!
综合案例:
mysql> create table dep2( # 被关联表
-> id int primary key,
-> name varchar(15) not null
-> )engine=innodb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
mysql> create table emp2( # 关联表
-> id int primary key,
-> name varchar(13) not null,
-> dep2_id int ,
-> foreign key(dep2_id) references dep2(id)
-> on delete cascade # 添加之后,可单独删除关联表数据
-> on update cascade # 添加之后,可单独更新关联表数据
-> )engine=innodb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
mysql> insert into dep2 values
-> (1,'部门1'),
-> (2,'部门2'),
-> (3,'部门3');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.08 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into emp2 values
-> (1,'cc1',1),
-> (2,'cc2',2),
-> (3,'cc2',2),
-> (4,'cc2',3);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> delete from emp2 where id=4;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> delete from emp2 where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
mysql> select * from emp2;
+----+------+---------+
| id | name | dep2_id |
+----+------+---------+
| 1 | cc1 | 1 |
| 2 | cc2 | 2 |
+----+------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from dep2 where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
mysql> select * from dep2;
+----+---------+
| id | name |
+----+---------+
| 1 | 部门1 |
| 2 | 部门2 |
+----+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from dep2 where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)
mysql> select * from emp2;
+----+------+---------+
| id | name | dep2_id |
+----+------+---------+
| 1 | cc1 | 1 |
+----+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update emp2 set id=666 where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from emp2;
+-----+------+---------+
| id | name | dep2_id |
+-----+------+---------+
| 666 | cc1 | 1 |
+-----+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
清空表:
delete from t1; #如果有自增id,新增的数据,仍然是以删除前的最后一样作为起始。
truncate table t1; #数据量大,删除速度比上一条快,且直接从零开始,
2️⃣ 表关系
1、如何分析两张表间的关系?
实例如下,分析下面两张表:
emp +----+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | sex | dep_id |
+----+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | cc | male | 1 |p
| 2 | sc | male | 2 |
| 3 | ssc | female | 3 |
| 4 | sscc | female | 3 |
+----+------+--------+--------+
dep
+----+--------+---------+
| id | name | comment |
+----+--------+---------+
| 1 | 销售 | 部门1 |
| 2 | 财务 | 部门2 |
| 3 | 售后 | 部门3 |
+----+--------+---------+
分析流程如下:
(1)先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)
(2)再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)
(3)总结:
#多对一:
如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表
#多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
#一对一:
如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
2、建立表关系
2.1、多对一(一对多)
两张表:出版社、书
关联方式:foreign key
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);
create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);
insert into press(name) values
('北京出版社'),
('知识产权无用出版社') ;
insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',1),
('葵花宝典',2);
('独孤九剑',2);
2.2、多对多
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书
多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来
专门存放二者的关系。
关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表(出版社信息同上,不再追加)
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);
书籍表和插入的书与之前共用
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
(constraint fk_author) foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade,
on update cascade,
(constraint fk_book) foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);
insert into autor(name) values('cc1'),('cc2'),('cc3');
#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
cc1:
九阳神功
九阴真经
cc2:
九阳神功
葵花宝典
cc3:
独孤九剑
insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,1),
(2,1),
(2,2),
(3,2);
2.3、一对一(一个学生是一个客户,一个客户有可能变成一个学校,即一对一的关系)
如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,
就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
#一定是student来foreign key表customer,这样就保证了:
#1 学生一定是一个客户,
#2 客户不一定是学生,但有可能成为一个学生
create table customer(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
phone char(16) not null
);
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
class_name varchar(20) not null,
customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);
# 增加客户
insert into customer(name,phone)
('cc',12312312),
('cc2',213231231),
('cc3',66666666);
# 增加学生
insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
('class1',1),
('class2',2),
('class3',3);